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spotted nutcracker
The spotted nutcracker, Eurasian nutcracker, or just nutcracker, (''Nucifraga caryocatactes'') is a passerine bird slightly larger than the Eurasian jay. It has a much larger bill and a slimmer looking head without any crest. The feathering over its body is predominantly a chocolate brown with distinct white spots and streaks. The wings and upper tail are virtually black with a greenish-blue gloss. It is one of three species of nutcracker. The large-spotted nutcracker (''Nucifraga multipunctata''), was formerly considered a subspecies. The other, Clark's nutcracker (''Nucifraga columbiana''), occurs in western North America.
==Taxonomy==
The nutcracker was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work, ''Systema Naturae'', and it still bears its original name of ''Nucifraga caryocatactes''. The scientific name is a reduplication, with ''Nucifraga'' based on Latin: ''nucis'' nut + ''frangere'' to shatter, and ''caryocatactes'' based on Greek: ''karuon'' nut + ''kataseio'' to shatter. The common English name ''nutcracker'' first appears in 1738 in a translation of a German travel guide,〔John Ray. ''A Collection of Curious Travels and Voyages.'' 1738. Vol. II xi. 181.〕 where it is a calque on the German name ''Nußknacker'',〔See, for example, Brehms Thierleben. ''Allgemeine Kunde des Thierreichs, Fünfter Band, Zweite Abtheilung: Vögel, Zweiter Band: Raubvögel, Sperlingsvögel und Girrvögel.'' Leipzig: Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, 1882. S. 446-450.〕 as the bird was not recorded in England until 1753. Other Germanic languages have etymologically related names: Danish: ''nøddekrige''; Dutch: ''notenkraker''; Norwegian: ''nøttekråke''; Swedish: ''nötkråka''.
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